N-heterocyclic ureas as immune regulants

ABSTRACT

Benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl and benzoxazolyl ureas and thioureas are employed as immune regulatory agents, as agents capable of altering the immune response in mammals.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation-in-part of our copending application, Ser. No. 574,991, filed May 6, 1975, now abandoned which was a continuation of our then copending application, Ser. No. 185,823, filed Oct. 1, 1971, now abandoned, which was in turn a continuation-in-part of our then co-pending application Ser. No. 794,756, filed Jan. 28, 1969, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

2-substituted benzimidazoles, benzothiazoles and benzoxazoles have recently been proposed for a variety of uses, mainly in the agricultural field. For example, 2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazoles are reported to be extremely active herbicides according to Great Britain patent Specification No. 1,087,561. The compounds therein disclosed are also reported to have molluscidal, insecticidal and fungicidal properties. Other 2-substituted benzimidazoles have been found to be active coccidiostats. In particular, 2-(4-thiazolyl) benzimidazole (thiabendazole) is presently being marketed as an anthelmintic. In addition, certain 2-hydroxybenzylbenzimidazoles have been revealed as having anti-viral properties (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,331,739). While the use of benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles in the above areas has not been quite as thoroughly explored as that of benzimidazoles, there is, nevertheless, considerable interest in compounds of this structure, particularly as coccidiostats.

Urea derivatives of the above classes of compounds are sparingly described in the art. N-(2-benzothiazolyl)-N'-phenyl urea is described in Chem. Abs. 29, 2660; 55, 8389; 57, 801; the corresponding 4-methyl compound is described in Chem. Abs. 25, 104; 50, 1776-1777; and the corresponding 5-methoxy derivative is described in Chem. Abs. 52, 20673. N-(2-benzimidazolyl)-N'-phenyl urea is described in Beilstein 24 (II) 62 and in Chem. Abs. 15, 3077. In addition U.S. Pat. No. 3,299,085 discloses N-(2-benzothiazolyl) or N-(2-benzoxazolyl)-N'-C₁ -C₅ aliphatic ureas as intermediates in the preparation of certain herbicides, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,162,644 describes 2-benzoxazolyl ureas, useful as plant growth regulators and muscle relaxants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,399,212; 3,336,191; and 3,401,171 disclose benzimidazolyl ureas said to be anthelmintics. Finally, South African Pat. No. 68/4748 (Derwent Pharmdoc basic, number 36565) discloses benzothiazolyl ureas as antiseptics in detergent compositions.

Recently, immune suppressant agents have come into prominence because of their use during transplants of organs from one human to another, and in particular in connection with organ transplant operations such as heart transplants, and in particular kidney transplants. It is part of the defense mechanism of humans to remove foreign antigens (in this case, the transplanted organ) by the immune reaction. Thus, in all of the organ transplant operations, it has been necessary to give large doses of an immune suppressant prior to the operation and continuing thereafter in order to prevent the host from rejecting the donor organ. The immune suppressant of choice is azathioprine (U.S. Pat. No. 3,056,785)

The immune response is composed of a sequence of cellular transformations and biochemical events leading to a bimodal response to foreign substances (antigens). Cells which are to participate in the response evolve from stem cells which originate in the bone marrow and are seeded out to the peripheral lymphoid organs. From these latter sites, following antigenic stimulus, the body's response is mounted in the form of plasma cells (which produce antibody) and specific immune lymphocytes. Antibody is released into the circulatory system and thus may act at a distance from the producing cell (humoral immunity). Specific immune lymphocytes also enter the circulatory system and act at the site of injury (cellular immunity). The reaction of antibody with antigen triggers the release of histamine from basophilic leucocytes; histamine, in turn, alters the permeability of blood vessels, speeding the influx of both antibody and specific immune lymphocytes into the sites of injury. Thus, the immune response is composed of a series of biochemical events in a sequence of cells at various sites in the body. It can be altered--suppressed, in the case of the compounds herein discussed--at a number of biochemical or cellular developmental sites.

Antihistamines only affect a secondary reaction in the immune response, having no direct effect on antibody-producing cells or specific immune lymphocytes. A number of agents, currently in use as immuno-suppressive drugs, act further back in the chain of events called herein the immune response. Certain anti-inflammatory steroids, e.g., cortisone, suppress production of antibody and specific immune lymphocytes, but also radically deplete normal lymphoid tissue and have other undesirable side effects. Certain antineoplastic druge, e.g., azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate, are employed as immunosuppressives, but they also deplete normal lymphoid tissue and radically depress other bone-marrow-derived cells. The general cytotoxicity of the latter drugs is to be expected in view of their having been selected on the basis of toxicity against a spectrum of cell types.

It is an object of this convention to provide a method of altering the immune response through the use of agents selected on the basis of specificity of action against cells functioning in the immune response.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In fulfillment of the above and other objects, this invention provides a method for altering the immune response in mammals comprising administering to said mammals an effective non-toxic dose within the range 0.1 to 500 mg/kg of mammalian body weight of at least one compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is α-naphthyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl wherein said substituents can be one or more members of the group consisting of halo, C₁ -C₃ alkoxy, C₁ -C₃ alkyl or CF₃ ;

R'" is H or CH₃ ;

Y is S or O;

Z is S, O or NR" wherein R" is H, CH₃ or phenyl; and

Q is ##STR2## wherein R' in each of its "p" occurrences independently represents halo, CF₃, carb-C₁ -C₃ -alkoxy, nitro, C₁ -C₃ alkyl or C₁ -C₃ alkoxy; and

p is 0-2.

In the above formula, the term C₁ -C₃ alkyl includes the radicals methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl. When R is substituted phenyl, the substituent can be halo, such as fluorine, chlorine or bromine; C₁ -C₃ alkoxy, such as methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy or n-propoxy; C₁ -C₃ alkyl, the scope of which grouping is illustrated above or CF₃.

When R' is halo, C₁ -C₃ alkyl or C₁ -C₃ alkoxy, their scope is the same as that defined above for R. When R' is carb-C₁ -C₃ -alkoxy, groups which it represents include carbomethoxy, carboethoxy, carbo-n-propoxy and carboisopropoxy.

A preferred group of orally active immune alterant compounds useful in the process of this invention are represented by the formulas: ##STR3## wherein Hal is a halogen having an atomic number below about 82,

T is Hal or methyl, and

n is 0 or 1.

Compounds represented by the above formulas which are useful in the therapeutic processes of this invention are prepared by reacting a 2-aminobenzimidazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole, or 2-aminobenzoxazole with an appropriately substituted isocyanate, thioisocyanate, thiocarbamoyl chloride or carbamoyl chloride according to the following reactions: ##STR4## wherein Q, Z, Y, R, R' and R'" have the same meaning as hereinabove.

A typical preparation of a benzimidazolyl urea in which R' is hydrogen follows:

EXAMPLE 1 N-(2-Benzimidazolyl)-N'-naphthylurea

A solution was prepared containing 5.32 g. of 2-aminobenzimidazole in 150 ml. of tetrahydrofuran (THF). A second solution containing 6.76 g. of naphthyl isocyanate in 100 ml. of THF was added with stirring over a 30 minute period. The reaction mixture was heated at refluxing temperature for 6 hours and then cooled N-(2-benzimidazolyl)-N'-naphthylurea precipitated and was separated by filtration. Recrystallization of the filter cake from acetone yielded purified N-(2-benzimidazolyl)-N'-naphthylurea melting at 327°-328° C.

Tables 1-15 which follow contain analytical data and melting points for illustrative compounds coming within the scope of this invention prepared as indicated above.

Starting materials useful in the above process are either available from commercial sources or are prepared by reacting the appropriately substituted o-phenylene diamine with cyanogen bromide according to the method of Leonard et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69, 2459 (1947).

Starting materials prepared by the above procedure include the following:

2-amino-5(6)-chlorobenzimidazole; M.P. = 158°-161° C.

2-amino-5(6)-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole; M.P. = 152°-155° C.

2-amino-5(6)-methylbenzimidazole; M.P. = 192°-199° C.

In the reaction scheme I above, when a 2-aminobenzimidazole is used as one of the reactants, the first step of the reaction is the formation of a 1-carboxanilide or carboamide, which rearranges upon heating to the desired 2-benzimidazolyl urea. This reaction is illustrated in reaction scheme II below, in which PH is phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein said substituents are one or more members of the group consisting of halo, C₁ -C₃ alkoxy, C₁ -C₃ alkyl, or CF₃. The scope of the phenyl substituents has been fully illustrated above in illustrating the scope of the term R, substituted phenyl being one of the permissible groupings for R. ##STR5## The 1-substituted derivatives can be isolated when the reaction is carried out below 15° C. and preferably at about 0° C. The rearrangement of the 1-substituted compound to the benzimidazolyl urea itself is readily accomplished by heating the 1-substituted derivative to about 50° C. The same type of intermediate formation of a 2-amino-4-benzimidazolyl carboxanilide or carboxamide followed by rearrangement to a 2-benzimidazolyl urea occurs when a carbamoyl chloride is reacted with a 2-aminobenzimidazole as illustrated in route B, reaction scheme I above.

Compounds in which R'" is methyl are prepared by alkylation of the corresponding compound in which R'" is hydrogen.

As previously stated, the compositions of this invention are employed in altering the immune reaction in mammals. Thus, the compounds can be classed as "immune regulaing agents" by which is meant an agent which can decrease the formation of antibodies to foreign protein. This activity can thus also be characterized as anti-allergic in that the allergic reaction is part of the defense mechanism of the body (the immune mechanism) against foreign antigens. (This activity is quite different from an antihistamine activity which affects only the effects of histamine released by an antibody-antigen reaction.) Although immune regulating activity was determined in mice using sheep erythrocytes as the antigen, it should be understood that the same type of activity would be shown against any foreign protein (antigen) in any mammal.

The ability of compounds according to the above formulas to alter immune mechanisms in a host animal was measured by their activity according to the following test. Groups of five 20-gram Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with standardized suspensions of an antigen--in this intance sheep blook cells. The active compounds were also injected by the intraperitoneal route at various times before and/or after the injection of the red blood cells. Eight days after injection of the antigen, the mice were bled and the sera from each group pooled. Antibody determinations were made on the serum pools by a hemaglutination pattern procedure and comparisons made between treated and control animals. In Tables 1-18 which follow, the activity of the compounds listed therein is given in terms of the minimum dose of drug necessary to suppress the hemaglutination titer by a 4-fold factor in the treated mice as compared with control titers.

In Tables 1-15, a blank space indicates that the compound listed has not yet been tested as an immune regulating agent in mammals, and a dash indicates that the compound was not active at the highest dose tested, usually 100 mg./kg. in the immune regulating test, but presumably would be active at higher dose levels.

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR6##                                                                                                         Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                           Melting                                                                              Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                                    R       R'                                                                               Point ° C.                                                                    C  H   N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                           __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  H 329-30                                                                               66.65                                                                             4.79                                                                               22.21                                                                             66.36                                                                             4.96                                                                              21.95                                                                             12.5                                        naphthyl                                                                               H 327-8 71.51                                                                             4.67                                                                               18.53                                                                             71.55                                                                             3.53                                                                              18.13                                                                             3.1                                         p-chlorophenyl                                                                         H 349-51                                                                               58.64                                                                             3.86                                                                               19.54                                                                             58.93                                                                             4.06                                                                              19.37                                                                             12.5                                        m-chlorophenyl                                                                         H 344-5 58.64                                                                             3.86                                                                               19.54                                                                             58.72                                                                             3.74                                                                              19.29                                                                             3.1                                         o-chlorophenyl                                                                         H 331-3 58.64                                                                             3.86                                                                               19.54                                                                             58.68                                                                             3.65                                                                              19.30                                                                             12.5                                        p-fluorophenyl                                                                         H 338-9 62.21                                                                             4.10                                                                               20.73                                                                             62.00                                                                             4.26                                                                              20.68                                                                             6.2                                         o-fluorophenyl                                                                         H 347- 8                                                                               62.21                                                                             4.10                                                                               20.73                                                                             62.41                                                                             4.30                                                                              20.67                                                                             1.6                                         m-trifluoro-                                                                   methylphenyl                                                                           H 336-7 56.24                                                                             3.46                                                                               17.49                                                                             56.45                                                                             3.67                                                                              17.44                                                                             100                                         p-tolyl H 342-3 67.65                                                                             5.30                                                                               21.04                                                                             67.64                                                                             5.54                                                                              20.84                                                                             6.2                                         o-tolyl H 339-340                                                                              67.65                                                                             5.30                                                                               21.04                                                                             67.87                                                                             5.57                                                                              20.92                                                                             25                                          p-bromophenyl                                                                          H 342-3 50.77                                                                             3.35                                                                               16.92                                                                             51.03                                                                             3.51                                                                              16.83                                                                             100                                         3,4-dichloro-                                                                  phenyl  H 337-8 52.35                                                                             3.13                                                                               17.44                                                                             52.64                                                                             3.32                                                                              17.64                                                                             0.8                                         __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 2                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR7##                                                                                                       Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                           Melting                                                                              Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                                      R       Point ° C.                                                                    C  H   N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                             __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  339-40                                                                               58.65                                                                             3.87                                                                               19.54                                                                             58.65                                                                             4.02                                                                              19.64                                                                              25                                           α-naphthyl                                                                       342-3 64.19                                                                             3.89                                                                               16.64                                                                             63.97                                                                             4.13                                                                              16.88                                                                             6.2                                           p-chlorophenyl                                                                         329-30                                                                               52.36                                                                             3.14                                                                               17.45                                                                             52.24                                                                             3.40                                                                              17.07                                                                             6.2                                           o-chlorophenyl                                                                         340   52.36                                                                             3.14                                                                               17.45                                                                             51.99                                                                             3.12                                                                              17.05                                                                             100                                           p-fluorophenyl                                                                         348-50                                                                               55.18                                                                             3.30                                                                               18.38                                                                             55.04                                                                             3.27                                                                              18.45                                                                             <12.5                                         o-fluorophenyl                                                                         339-40                                                                               55.18                                                                             3.30                                                                               18.38                                                                             55.45                                                                             3.56                                                                              18.38                                                                             <100                                          p-tolyl 319-20                                                                               59.90                                                                             4.35                                                                               19.04                                                                             59.85                                                                             4.62                                                                              18.90                                                                             50                                            o-tolyl 307-8 59.90                                                                             4.35                                                                               18.63                                                                             59.81                                                                             4.63                                                                              18.48                                                                             100                                           m-tolyl 315-16                                                                               59.90                                                                             4.35                                                                               18.63                                                                             59.88                                                                             4.15                                                                              18.36                                                                             25                                            o-anisyl                                                                               340-2 56.87                                                                             4.13                                                                               17.68                                                                             56.69                                                                             4.09                                                                              17.48                                                                             < 6.2                                         __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 3                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR8##                                                                                                       Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                           Melting                                                                              Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                                      R       Point ° C.                                                                    C  H   N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                             __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  327-8 62.95                                                                             4.97                                                                               17.28                                                                             63.12                                                                             4.99                                                                              17.49                                                                             <25                                           α-naphthyl                                                                       315-6 67.37                                                                             4.85                                                                               14.97                                                                             67.28                                                                             4.94                                                                              14.94                                                                             6.2                                           p-chlorophenyl                                                                         309-11                                                                               56.90                                                                             4.21                                                                               15.62                                                                             56.61                                                                             4.30                                                                              15.82                                                                             50                                            m-chlorophenyl                                                                         308-310                                                                              56.90                                                                             4.21                                                                               15.62                                                                             56.85                                                                             4.50                                                                              15.67                                                                             50                                            o-chlorophenyl                                                                         308-9 56.90                                                                             4.21                                                                               15.62                                                                             56.69                                                                             5.79                                                                              15.32                                                                             0.4                                           p-fluorophenyl                                                                         310-11                                                                               59.64                                                                             4.41                                                                               16.36                                                                             59.92                                                                             4.62                                                                              16.33                                                                             25                                            o-fluorophenyl                                                                         315-16                                                                               59.64                                                                             4.41                                                                               16.36                                                                             59.75                                                                             4.67                                                                              16.65                                                                             <6.2                                          m-trifluoro-                                                                   methylphenyl                                                                           328-9 55.1                                                                              3.85                                                                               14.28                                                                             54.82                                                                             4.02                                                                              14.37                                                                             100                                           p-tolyl 305-7 63.89                                                                             5.36                                                                               16.56                                                                             63.71                                                                             5.39                                                                              16.30                                                                             100                                           m-tolyl 321-3 63.89                                                                             5.36                                                                               16.56                                                                             63.91                                                                             6.58                                                                              16.51                                                                             <12.5                                         o-tolyl 304-5 63.89                                                                             5.36                                                                               16.56                                                                             64.03                                                                             5.39                                                                              16.74                                                                             25                                            __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 4                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR9##                                                                                                          Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                           Melting                                                                              Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                                   R       R' Point ° C.                                                                    C  H   N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                          __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  CF.sub.3                                                                          309-310                                                                              56.25                                                                             3.46                                                                               17.49                                                                             56.44                                                                             3.46                                                                              17.78                                                                              12.5                                      α-naphthyl                                                                       CF.sub.3                                                                          307-8 61.61                                                                             3.53                                                                               15.13                                                                             61.89                                                                             3.78                                                                              14.99                                                                             <50                                        m-chlorophenyl                                                                         CF.sub.3                                                                          320-2 50.78                                                                             2.84                                                                               15.79                                                                             51.01                                                                             2.97                                                                              15.84                                                                             50-200                                     phenyl  CH.sub.3                                                                          327-8 67.65                                                                             5.30                                                                               21.04                                                                             67.41                                                                             5.42                                                                              20.85                                                                             100                                        α-naphthyl                                                                       CH.sub.3                                                                          315-6 72.13                                                                             5.10                                                                               17.71                                                                             71.96                                                                             5.25                                                                              17.62                                                                             <0.4                                       __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 5                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR10##                                                                                                              Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                           Melting                                                                              Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                              R         R" R"'                                                                               Point ° C.                                                                    C  H   N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                     __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl    CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          336-7 68.55                                                                             5.75                                                                               19.99                                                                             68.62                                                                             5.72                                                                              19.81                                                                             12.5                                  α-naphthyl                                                                         CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          298-300                                                                              70.70                                                                             5.40                                                                               16.76                                                                             71.43                                                                             5.04                                                                              16.42                                                                             50                                    p-chlorophenyl                                                                           CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          351-2 61.04                                                                             4.80                                                                               17.80                                                                             61.07                                                                             4.78                                                                              17.77                                                                             12.5                                  m-chlorophenyl                                                                           CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          342-3 61.04                                                                             4.80                                                                               17.80                                                                             60.99                                                                             5.08                                                                              17.99                                                                             800                                   3,4-dichlorophenyl                                                                       CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          343-5 55.02                                                                             4.04                                                                               16.04                                                                             54.91                                                                             4.20                                                                              15.99                                                                             100                                   2,5-dichlorophenyl                                                                       CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          336-7 55.02                                                                             4.04                                                                               16.04                                                                             54.81                                                                             4.19                                                                              16.19                                                                             <25                                   2,4-difluorophenyl                                                                       CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          327-8 64.41                                                                             5.06                                                                               18.78                                                                             64.22                                                                             5.10                                                                              18.92                                                                             0.4                                   o-fluorophenyl                                                                           CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          321-2 64.41                                                                             5.06                                                                               18.78                                                                             64.52                                                                             5.33                                                                              18.79                                                                             100                                   p-tolyl   CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          344-5 69.37                                                                             6.16                                                                               19.04                                                                             69.24                                                                             6.10                                                                              19.26                                                                             3.0                                   m-tolyl   CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          329-30                                                                               69.37                                                                             6.16                                                                               19.04                                                                             69.19                                                                             6.25                                                                              19.01                                                                             12.5                                  o-tolyl   CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          342-5 69.37                                                                             6.16                                                                               19.04                                                                             69.47                                                                             6.30                                                                              19.28                                                                             12.5                                  p-bromophenyl                                                                            CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          335-6 53.49                                                                             4.20                                                                               15.59                                                                             53.81                                                                             4.42                                                                              15.23                                                                             12.5                                  p-anisyl  CH.sub.3                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                          343-5 65.79                                                                             5.85                                                                               18.05                                                                             65.51                                                                             6.06                                                                              18.28                                                                             12.5                                  phenyl    Cl Cl 364-5 52.35                                                                             3.13                                                                               17.44                                                                             52.10                                                                             3.29                                                                              17.54                                                                             12.5                                  α-naphthyl                                                                         Cl Cl 339-40                                                                               58.23                                                                             3.25                                                                               15.09                                                                             58.30                                                                             3.50                                                                              15.20                                                                             >12.5                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 6                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR11##                                                                                                           Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                              Position     Melting                                                                              Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                                 of NO.sub.2                                                                         R       Point ° C.                                                                    C  H   N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                        __________________________________________________________________________     4(7) phenyl  361-2 56.56                                                                             3.73                                                                               23.56                                                                             56.78                                                                             3.84                                                                              23.82                                                                             25                                       4(7) o-fluorophenyl                                                                         355-6 53.33                                                                             3.20                                                                               22.22                                                                             53.38                                                                             3.33                                                                              22.11                                                                             3.1                                      __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 7                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR12##                                                                                                        Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                           Melting                                                                              Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                                    R       R'                                                                               Point ° C.                                                                    C  H   N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                           __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  H 189-190                                                                              67.65                                                                             5.30                                                                               21.04                                                                             67.52                                                                             5.39                                                                              21.02                                                                             50                                          m-chlorophenyl                                                                         H 158-9 59.90                                                                             4.36                                                                               18.63                                                                             59.98                                                                             4.44                                                                              18.67                                                                             25                                          α-naphthyl                                                                       H 205-6 72.13                                                                             5.10                                                                               17.71                                                                             72.41                                                                             5.25                                                                              17.63                                                                             25                                          p-chlorophenyl                                                                         H 195-6 59.90                                                                             4.36                                                                               18.63                                                                             59.86                                                                             4.62                                                                              18.35                                                                             50                                          __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 8                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR13##                                                                                                         Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                            Melting                                                                             Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                                     R      R" Point ° C.                                                                   C   H  N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                          __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  phenyl                                                                             170-1                                                                               73.15                                                                              4.91                                                                              17.06                                                                             73.19                                                                             5.11                                                                              17.35                                                                             50                                         α-naphthyl                                                                       phenyl                                                                             166-7                                                                               76.17                                                                              4.79                                                                              14.81                                                                             75.97                                                                             4.82                                                                              14.75                                                                             100                                        phenyl  methyl                                                                             181-2                                                                               67.65                                                                              5.30                                                                              21.04                                                                             67.92                                                                             5.58                                                                              21.20                                                                             3.1                                        α-naphthyl                                                                       methyl                                                                             238-9                                                                               72.13                                                                              5.10                                                                              17.71                                                                             71.88                                                                             5.04                                                                              17.73                                                                             >50                                        m-chlorophenyl                                                                         methyl                                                                             190-1                                                                               59.90                                                                              4.36                                                                              18.63                                                                             60.13                                                                             4.31                                                                              18.75                                                                             6.2                                        p-chlorophenyl                                                                         methyl                                                                             199-200                                                                             59.90                                                                              4.36                                                                              18.63                                                                             59.91                                                                             4.38                                                                              18.86                                                                             >50                                        __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 9                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR14##                                                                                                     Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                            Melting                                                                             Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                                        R      Point ° C.                                                                   C   H  N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                              __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  362-4                                                                               71.51                                                                              4.67                                                                              18.53                                                                             71.54                                                                             4.93                                                                              18.79                                                                             25                                             α-naphthyl                                                                       330  74.98                                                                              4.58                                                                              15.90                                                                              4.77                                                                             4.80                                                                              15.61                                                                             50                                             p-fluorophenyl                                                                         364-5                                                                               67.48                                                                              4.09                                                                              17.49                                                                             67.62                                                                             4.38                                                                              17.28                                                                             >25                                            __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 10                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR15##                                                                                                     Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                            Melting                                                                             Analysis Calculated                                                                      Analysis Found                                                                          ED4-Fold                                        R      Point ° C.                                                                   C   H  N  C  H  N  mg./kg. × 3                              __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  348-9                                                                               71.51                                                                              4.67                                                                              18.53                                                                             71.75                                                                             4.87                                                                              18.29                                                                             50                                             α-naphthyl                                                                       331-2                                                                               74.98                                                                              4.58                                                                              15.90                                                                             75.09                                                                             4.78                                                                              15.98                                                                             >6.2                                           m-chlorophenyl                                                                         354-5                                                                               64.18                                                                              3.88                                                                              16.62                                                                             64.19                                                                             3.91                                                                              16.41                                                                             .05                                            p-fluorophenyl                                                                         349-50                                                                              67.49                                                                              4.09                                                                              17.49                                                                             67.27                                                                             4.28                                                                              17.72                                                                             25                                             __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 11                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR16##                                                                                                                             Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                 Melting                                                                               Analysis Calculated                                                                           Analysis Found                                                                              ED4-Fold               R          R'      Y Point ° C.                                                                     C    H    N    C    H   N   mg./kg. ×        __________________________________________________________________________                                                             3                      phenyl     H       S 333-5  62.44                                                                               4.12 15.61                                                                               62.23                                                                               4.33                                                                               15.82                                                                              6.2                    α-naphthyl                                                                          H       S 278-280                                                                               67.70                                                                               4.11 13.16                                                                               67.97                                                                               4.21                                                                               13.31                                                                              <50                    p-chlorophenyl                                                                            H       S 315-16 55.35                                                                               3.32 13.83                                                                               55.47                                                                               3.60                                                                               13.59                                                                              <6.2                   m-chlorophenyl                                                                            H       S 329-30 55.35                                                                               3.32 13.83                                                                               5.61 3.57                                                                               13.79                                                                              1.6                    o-chlorophenyl                                                                            H       S 335-6  55.35                                                                               3.32 13.83                                                                               55.17                                                                               3.42                                                                               4.03                                                                               <50                    3,4-dichlorophenyl                                                                        H       S 316-7  49.71                                                                               2.68 12.42                                                                               49.85                                                                               2.77                                                                               12.19                                                                              12.5                   p-fluorophenyl                                                                            H       S 341-2  58.52                                                                               3.51 14.63                                                                               58.33                                                                               3.62                                                                               14.67                                                                              <25                    o-fluorophenyl                                                                            H       S 333-333.5                                                                             58.52                                                                               3.51 14.63                                                                               58.74                                                                               3.67                                                                               14.93                                                                              < 6.2                  2,5-dichlorophenyl                                                                        H       S 327-8  49.71                                                                               2.68 12.42                                                                               49.83                                                                               2.55                                                                               12.56                                                                              12.5                   α-naphthyl                                                                          4-Cl    S 256-8  59.73                                                                               3.53 12.29                                                                               59.94                                                                               3.30                                                                               12.04                                                                              <12.5                  m-chlorophenyl                                                                            4-Cl    S 266-8  49.71                                                                               2.68 12.42                                                                               49.60                                                                               2.96                                                                               12.19                                                                              <50                    phenyl     H       O 192-3  66.39                                                                               4.38 16.59                                                                               66.31                                                                               4.63                                                                               16.89                                                                              50                     α-naphthyl                                                                          H       O 232-5  71.27                                                                               4.32 13.86                                                                               71.00                                                                               4.59                                                                               13.65                                                                              50                     phenyl     5-Cl    O 202-3  58.44                                                                               3.50 14.61                                                                               58.59                                                                               3.68                                                                               14.53                                                                              200                    α-naphthyl                                                                          5-Cl    O 234-5  64.00                                                                               3.58 12.44                                                                               63.97                                                                               3.78                                                                               12.37                                                                              200                    m-chlorophenyl                                                                            5-Cl    O 233-5  52.19                                                                               2.81 13.04                                                                               52.10                                                                               2.94                                                                               12.79                                                                              400                    m-trifluoromethyl-                                                             phenyl     H       S 328-9  53.41                                                                               2.99 2.46 53.61                                                                               3.22                                                                               12.29                                                                              <50                    o-tolyl    H       S 335-6  63.59                                                                               4.63 14.83                                                                               63.86                                                                               4.54                                                                               14.80                                                                              <50                    p-tolyl    H       S 327-8  63.59                                                                               4.63 14.83                                                                               63.80                                                                               4.72                                                                               14.73                                                                              100                    p-bromophenyl                                                                             H       S 298-300                                                                               48.28                                                                               2.89 12.06                                                                               48.18                                                                               2.92                                                                               12.13                                                                              100                    p-anisyl   H       S 325-6  60.19                                                                               4.38 14.04                                                                               60.03                                                                               4.44                                                                               13.83                                                                              50                     o-ethoxyphenyl                                                                            H       S 36-7   61.32                                                                               4.82 13.40                                                                               61.05                                                                               4.70                                                                               13.50                                                                              <50                    o-anisyl   H       S 339-40 60.19                                                                               4.38 14.04                                                                               60.19                                                                               4.58                                                                               13.75                                                                              50                     phenyl     4-Cl    S 268-70 55.35                                                                               3.31 13.83                                                                               55.62                                                                               3.60                                                                               13.66                                                                              <12.5                  phenyl     5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 370-2  64.62                                                                               5.09 14.14                                                                               64.91                                                                               5.41                                                                               14.48                                                                              100                    α-naphthyl                                                                          5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 355-6  69.15                                                                               4.93 12.10                                                                               69.18                                                                               5.18                                                                               12.05                                                                              50                     p-chlorophenyl                                                                            5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 359-60 57.92                                                                               4.25 12.66                                                                               58.00                                                                               4.24                                                                               12.42                                                                              25                     m-chlorophenyl                                                                            5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 345-6  57.92                                                                               4.25 12.66                                                                               58.42                                                                               4.46                                                                               13.06                                                                              100                    o-chlorophenyl                                                                            5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 353-4  57.92                                                                               4.25 12.66                                                                               58.14                                                                               4.26                                                                               12.49                                                                              <100                   3,4-dichloro-                                                                  phenyl     5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 331-2  52.46                                                                               3.58 11.47                                                                               52.76                                                                               3.74                                                                               11.56                                                                              50                     p-fluorophenyl                                                                            5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 353-4  60.93                                                                               4.47 13.32                                                                               60.89                                                                               4.50                                                                               13.03                                                                              12.5                   o-fluorophenyl                                                                            5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 355-6  60.93                                                                               4.47 13.32                                                                               60.69                                                                               4.73                                                                               13.22                                                                              <1.6                   m-trifluoro-                                                                   phenyl     5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 348-9  55.88                                                                               3.86 11.50                                                                               56.01                                                                               4.00                                                                               11.28                                                                              25                     p-tolyl    5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 349-50 65.58                                                                               5.50 13.50                                                                               65.35                                                                               5.42                                                                               13.51                                                                              100                    m-tolyl    5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 349-50 65.58                                                                               5.50 13.50                                                                               65.62                                                                               5.65                                                                               13.39                                                                              25                     o-tolyl    5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 340-1  65.58                                                                               5.50 13.50                                                                               65.60                                                                               5.65                                                                               / 13.27                                                                            <25                    2,5-dichloro-                                                                  phenyl     5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 360-1  52.46                                                                               3.57 11.47                                                                               52.36                                                                               3.49                                                                               11.71                                                                              <12.5                  p-bromophenyl                                                                             5,6-dimethyl                                                                           S 340-1  51.06                                                                               3.74 11.16                                                                               51.31                                                                               3.92                                                                               11.00                                                                              100                    phenyl     6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 321-2  60.19                                                                               4.38 14.04                                                                               59.95                                                                               4.42                                                                               14.03                                                                              <25                    α-naphthyl                                                                          6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 297-8  65.32                                                                               4.33 12.03                                                                               65.21                                                                               4.56                                                                               12.26                                                                              <50                    p-chlorophenyl                                                                            6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 310-11 53.96                                                                               3.62 12.58                                                                               54.20                                                                               3.82                                                                               12.31                                                                              <50                    m-chlorophenyl                                                                            6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 306-7  53.96                                                                               3.62 12.58                                                                               54.06                                                                               4.06                                                                               12.50                                                                              12.5                   o-chlorophenyl                                                                            6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 314-5  53.97                                                                               3.62 12.59                                                                               53.84                                                                               3.90                                                                               12.34                                                                              <50                    o-fluorophenyl                                                                            6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 313-4  56.76                                                                               3.81 13.24                                                                               56.87                                                                               4.01                                                                               13.06                                                                              <3.1                   p-tolyl    6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 297-8  61.33                                                                               4.83 13.41                                                                               61.24                                                                               5.04                                                                               13.14                                                                              <100                   o-tolyl    6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 309-10 61.33                                                                               4.83 13.41                                                                               60.81                                                                               4.87                                                                               13.79                                                                              <50                    m-tolyl    6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 311-2  61.33                                                                               4.83 13.41                                                                               61.45                                                                               4.99                                                                               13.49                                                                              <25                    p-bromophenyl                                                                             6-CH.sub.3 O                                                                           S 295    47.62                                                                               3.19 11.10                                                                               47.34                                                                               3.21                                                                               11.02                                                                              100                    __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 12                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR17##                                                                                                                Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                 Melting                                                                               Analysis Calculated                                                                          Analysis Found                                                                               ED4-Fold                            R       Point ° C                                                                      C    H   N    C    H   N    mg./kg. × 3                   __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  95     63.59                                                                               4.63                                                                               14.83                                                                               63.72                                                                               4.74                                                                               14.89                                                                               50                                  α-naphthyl                                                                       174-5  68.46                                                                               4.54                                                                               2.61 68.70                                                                               4.65                                                                               12.55                                                                               50                                  p-chlorophenyl                                                                         140-1  56.68                                                                               3.80                                                                               13.22                                                                               56.93                                                                               3.93                                                                               13.25                                                                               <50                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 13                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR18##                                                                                                              Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                           Melting      Analysis Calculated                                                                          Analysis Found                                                                               ED4-Fold                              R     Point ° C.                                                                     C    H   N    C    H   N    mg./kg. × 3                     __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl                                                                               318-9           15.37         15.52                                                                               25                                    α-naphthyl                                                                     257-8  66.86                                                                               5.30                                                                               13.00                                                                               66.90                                                                               5.35                                                                               12.82                                                                               <50                                   __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 14                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR19##                                                                                                                   Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                 Melting                                                                               Analysis Calculated                                                                          Analysis Found                                                                               ED4-Fold                         R          Point ° C.                                                                     C    H   N    C    H   N    mg./kg. × 3                __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl     320-2  67.70                                                                               4.11                                                                               13.16                                                                               67.89                                                                               4.20                                                                              12.99 <12.5                            α-naphthyl                                                                          269-270                                                                               71.53                                                                               4.09                                                                               11.38                                                                               71.53                                                                               4.09                                                                              11.68 3.1                              p-chlorophenyl                                                                            310-11 61.09                                                                               3.41                                                                               11.87                                                                               60.88                                                                               3.39                                                                              11.80 <100                             m-chlorophenyl                                                                            314-5  61.09                                                                               3.41                                                                               11.87                                                                               61.27                                                                               3.57                                                                              11.81 <1.6                             o-chlorophenyl                                                                            321-2  61.09                                                                               3.41                                                                               11.87                                                                               61.25                                                                               3.50                                                                              11.84 6.2                              2,5-dichlorophenyl                                                                        315-6  55.67                                                                               2.85                                                                               10.82                                                                               55.78                                                                               2.78                                                                              10.58 100                              p-fluorophenyl                                                                            308-9  64.07                                                                               3.58                                                                               12.45                                                                               64.01                                                                               3.68                                                                              12.28 12.5                             o-fluorophenyl                                                                            318-9  64.07                                                                               3.58                                                                               12.45                                                                               63.94                                                                               3.90                                                                              12.30 3.1                              3,4-dichlorophenyl                                                                        305-6  55.68                                                                               2.85                                                                               10.82                                                                               55.88                                                                               2.79                                                                              10.56 3.1                              m-trifluoromethyl-                                                             phenyl     316-7  59.90                                                                               3.12                                                                               10.85                                                                               60.15                                                                               3.39                                                                              10.59 <6.2                             p-tolyl    307-8  68.46                                                                               4.54                                                                               12.61                                                                               68.53                                                                               4.82                                                                              12.33 6.2                              m-tolyl    317-8  68.46                                                                               4.54                                                                               12.61                                                                               68.68                                                                               4.59                                                                              12.38 3.1                              o-tolyl    319-20 68.46                                                                               4.54                                                                               12.61                                                                               68.52                                                                               4.69                                                                              12.32 <1.6                             p-bromophenyl                                                                             316-7  54.27                                                                               3.03                                                                               10.55                                                                               54.23                                                                               3.17                                                                              10.60 <50                              __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 15                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR20##                                                                                                                Immuno-                                                                        Suppressant                                 Melting                                                                               Analysis Calculated                                                                          Analysis Found                                                                               ED4-Fold                            R       Point ° C.                                                                     C    H   N    C    H   N    mg./kg. × 3                   __________________________________________________________________________     phenyl  353-4  67.70                                                                               4.11                                                                               13.16                                                                               67.98                                                                               4.04                                                                               13.22                                                                               0.8                                 α-naphthyl                                                                       346-7  71.53                                                                               4.09                                                                               11.38                                                                               71.36                                                                               4.14                                                                               11.50                                                                               0.4                                 p-tolyl  369-70                                                                               68.46                                                                               4.54                                                                               12.61                                                                               68.21                                                                               4.59                                                                               12.76                                                                               >25                                 p-bromophenyl                                                                          357-8  54.28                                                                               3.03                                                                               10.55                                                                               54.18                                                                               3.13                                                                               10.42                                                                               50                                  __________________________________________________________________________

In addition to their use in organ transplant operations, immune regulating agents are also useful in various diseases of little-understood etiology, denominated generically as "auto-immune" diseases. These diseases include: auto-immune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thromobocytopenic purpura, lupus erythematosus, lupoid hepatitis, lupus nephritis, glomerulonephritis, the nephrotic syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, schleroderma, Sezary's disease, psoriasis, uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, thyroiditis and mumps orchitis. Auto-immune suppressant agents, such as azathiaprene, generally may be more or less useful in the treatment of the above diseases depending upon the degree to which the disease is dependent upon an auto-immune mechanism.

Other routes of administration include oral, topical and subcutaneous routes. For oral administration, the immune suppressant can be dissolved or suspended in polyethylene glycol and mixed with corn oil, at a rate of 1-200 mg/ml. A particularly useful medium for oral administration contains 50 percent polyethylene glycol 200, 40 percent corn oil and 10 percent polyoxyethylene sorbitol monostearate. Aqueous vehicles, to which may be added surface-active agents, are also useful. For topical application, the compound is preferably administered in ethanol or in the above polyethylene glycol-corn oil-surfactant composition whereas for subcutaneous injection an isotonic solution is used. The immune-regulant is present in the particular vehicle at the rate of from 1 to 200 mg/ml.

A particularly useful form for administering the compounds of this invention to humans by the oral route is a one-piece gelatin capsule containing 35 mg. of, for example, 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea (approved generic name, frentizole) mixed with 0.292 mg. of butylated hydroxy toluene, 29.167 mg. of glycerin and 598.541 of polyethylene glycol 400 to form an encapsulatable paste. 70 mg. gelseals are similarly constituted. Another formulation suitable for oral administration is a telescoping gelatin capsule containing, for example, 50 mg. of 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea, 2.5 mg. of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate and 47.5 mgs. of microcrystalline cellulose admixed with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, or 100 or 250 mg. multiples thereof.

In addition to demonstrations of immuno-alterant activity by this group of compounds when administered by the intraperitoneal route, activity by other administration routes has been shown. Subcutaneous, percutaneous, and oral activity have been achieved as indicated in Table 16 which follows employing representative compounds from the above entitled application. For comparative purposes, data obtained using three known immunosuppressives--azathioprine (Imuran), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), and cortisone--are included. Except as indicated, the tests were performed using groups of five 20-gram male Swiss mice injected with 5 × 10⁷ sheep red blood cells intravenously for each drug level. Ten (daily) administrations of drug were made commencing 3 days prior to red blood cell injection. On the day following the final treatment (7 days after red blood cell injection) the animals were bled by cardiac puncture, the sera from each five-mouse-group were pooled, and antibody titers of these serum pools and corresponding serum pools from control (untreated) mouse groups were determined. The results are expressed as the minimum drug dose effecting 75 percent reduction of control antibody titer:

                                      TABLE 16                                     __________________________________________________________________________                   Lowest Dose Producing 75% Immunosuppression                                    Subcutaneous                                                                            Percutaneous                                                                            Oral                                           Compound      (Mg/Kg × 10)                                                                     (Mg/Kg × 13)                                                                     (Mg/Kg × 10)                               __________________________________________________________________________     1-(2-benzimidazolyl)-                                                                        31.5*                                                            3-phenyl urea                                                                  1-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-                                                                       12.5    3.1     25-100                                           2-benzothiazolyl)-3-                                                           phenyl urea                                                                    1-(2-benzothiazolyl)-                                                                        1.0     6.2-12.5                                                                               25                                               3-phenyl urea                                                                  1-(6-methoxy-2-benzo-                                                                        0.8-1.6 12.5    12.5-25                                          thiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea                                                       Azathioprine  50-100  100     50                                               Cyclophosphamide      25      25                                               Cortisone     25      50      200-400**                                        __________________________________________________________________________      *Therapy consisted of seven doses, given once daily, commencing the day o      antigen administration                                                         **Antigen given intraperitoneally                                        

In order to determine if the compounds disclosed herein had immunoalterant activity in a primate species, representative numbers of the series were tested in marmosets. 1-(2-Fluorophenyl)-3-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl) urea was injected in 25 mg/kg doses daily for 3 days into five marmosets. A similar group of five untreated marmosets was reserved as a control series. On the day following the third treatment, all animals received intraperitoneal injections of antigen (1 × 10⁹ sheep red blood cells). On the 7th day following antigen injection, serum levels of antibody to the sheep red blood cell antigen were determined. Of the five control animals, four gave antibody responses (titers from 1-10 to 1-80); whereas, only one of the treated animals showed detectable antibody (titer of 1-10).

Oral immunoregulating activity of 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea was demonstrated in similar groups of marmosets. The animals in the treated group received 10 daily 100 mg/kg doses of the drug by oral gavage. On the 4th treatment day, these animals and a similar group of controls were given intraperitoneal injections of 1 × 10⁹ sheep red blood cells. On the 12th day following antigen injection, serum levels of antibody were determined. In the control group, four out of five animals had demonstrable antibody, whereas, none of the treated marmosets showed a detectable response. The above data are summarized in Table 17 below.

                  TABLE 17                                                         ______________________________________                                                 Antibody Titer                                                                            Weight Change (%)                                           Marmoset  (reciprocal) Day - 7    Day + 6                                      Number    Day +12*     to + 6*    to + 19*                                     ______________________________________                                         Control group:                                                                 10        320          -9.6       +3.6                                         17        40           +2.3       +1.6                                         22        <5           +1.8       +4.5                                         216       160          -4.9       -1.6                                         227       80           0.0        +3.1                                         Treated group:                                                                  5        <5           -18.8      -6.8                                         25        <5           -6.2       +9.1                                         207       <5           -21.4      +6.0                                         225       <5           -5.7       +5.7                                         226       <5           -8.2       +6.0                                         ______________________________________                                          *Notation: Day 0 = day of antigen injection, Day - 1 = day previous, Day       +1 = day following, etc.                                                 

While weight loss on the 6th day following antigen was more common in the treated group, by the 19th day, four of the five animals were gaining weight. The weight changes may reflect the arbitrarily selected high drug dose level. The relative scarcity of these animals precluded any elaborate dose-response studies. However, the marked immunoregulating response observed establishes activity in a primate species.

NZB/W mice provide a close model of the human autoimmune disease, lupus erythematosis. These hybrid mice develop antinuclear antoantibody in the early months of life, which antibody becomes deposited in the glomeruli in the form of a complex with the inciting antigen. A fatal glomerulonephritis ensues. A group of these mice has been placed under continuous therapy (via the feed) with 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-) phenyl urea for 300 days. The mice were divided into three subgroups, 10 mice receiving 75 mg/kg/day of drug, 10 mice receiving 25 mg/kg/day, and 11 mice serving as untreated controls. The death pattern and derivative values (% survivors, mean survival time) as of the 300th day of therapy are shown in Table 18 below.

                  TABLE 18                                                         ______________________________________                                         Treatment                  Percent   MST                                       (Mg/Kg/Day)                                                                               Day of Death    Survivors (Days)                                    ______________________________________                                          75        180,281         80        286                                       25         37,68,113,124   60        214                                        0         58,63,71,141,181,214                                                                           45        202                                       ______________________________________                                    

A dose-related effect of the drug on survival parameters has been observed continuously since deaths began to occur. While the determinations are incomplete (the survivors will eventually be electively sacrificed and pathological examinations for glomerular and other effects on all animals will be made; also antinuclear antibody determinations will be made on periodically collected sera), the results following 300 days of therapy indicate therapeutic immunoregulating effect without gross toxicity. In view of the close parallel of this murine model to the human counterpart, this would appear of significance in terms of long-term human therapy.

Compounds disclosed herein have shown activity in suppressing the rejection of mouse skin grafts. The Bailey and Usama mouse-tail skin procedure (Transplanation Bulletin 7:424-425, 1960) was utilized. Albino tail skin segments (AKR strain) were grafted onto the tails of groups of ten agouti recipient mice (C3H strain) Results achieved with two therapy regimens employing 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea were as follows:

                  TABLE 19                                                         ______________________________________                                         Dosage*                                                                        (Mg/Kg/2 Route-      Allograft Survival (Days ± S.E.)                       Days)    Vehicle     Treated     Control                                       ______________________________________                                         50       Subcutaneous-                                                                              27.7 ± 1.0                                                                              19.6 ± 1.3                                          POT**                                                                 50       Oral - POT  25.2 ± 2.0                                                                              19.6 ± 1.3                                 ______________________________________                                          *Treatment was commenced 3 days prior to grafting and continued every 2nd      day until slough.                                                              **50% polyethylene glycol, 40% cornoil, 10% Tween 80                     

Such results have significance for therapy of human tissue transplant rejection and therapy of autoimmune diseases of the cellular-immune type.

The graft versus host reaction has been utilized as a model of the cellular immune reaction in order to demonstrate suppression of this component of the immune response. In this determination, parenteral (C57BL) mouse spleen cells are injected into mice of an F₁ hybrid strain (C57BL × C3H). The recipient mice do not reject the injected spleen cells, due to common parentage. The injected cells, however, mount a reaction to the recipient's tissues due to the foreign C3H-derived antigens. As a consequence, the recipient's spleen becomes enlarged. Immuno-suppressive therapy prevents or reduces this enlargement. Thus, spleen weights provide a measure of the GVH reaction and its reduction under immunosuppression.

Treated and GVH control animals receive an intraperitoneal injection of 1.2 × 10⁹ splenic lymphocytes from the C57 donors. Spleens are weighed 10 days later. Spleen weights derived from groups of recipient mice receiving genetically homologous, i.e., syngeneic cells (C57BL × C3H) provide normal control values for calculating percent inhibition in drug-treated groups. For example, mice given 13 daily topical doses of 1-(4,5,6,7-tetra-hydro-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea show a 62% reduction in GVH reaction relative to controls, as set forth in Table 20.

                  TABLE 20                                                         ______________________________________                                                        Mg Spleen/g                                                                    Body Weight  Percent                                            Treatment      ± S.E.**  Inhibition***                                      ______________________________________                                         100 mg/kg × 13*                                                                         7.42 ± 0.63                                                                              62                                                 None (GVH Control)                                                                            11.03 ± 0.35                                                                              0                                                 None (Syn. Control)                                                                           5.20 ± 0.37                                                                              100                                                ______________________________________                                          *Daily topical treatments commencing 3 days prior to cell injection.           Controls received vehicle alone.                                               **Mean values from groups of 5 mice.                                           ##STR21##                                                                      -                                                                        

Using this procedure, three compounds from the above useful in the processes of this invention have been compared with several reference immunosuppressive drugs. Treatment levels defining the 50 percent inhibitory dose have been determined. The data are pressented in Table 21 below.

                  TABLE 21                                                         ______________________________________                                                      Dose                Percent GVH                                   Compound     (Mg/Kg × 13)                                                                         Route   Inhibition                                    ______________________________________                                         1-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-                                                                      100         oral    54                                            2-benzothiazolyl)-3-                                                                        50          oral    41                                            phenyl urea                                                                    1-(2-benzothiazolyl)-                                                                       3.12        oral    64                                            3-phenyl urea                                                                               1.6         oral    46                                                         1.6         s.c.    54                                                         0.8         s.c.    29                                            1-(6-methoxy-2-benzo-                                                                       2           s.c.    58                                            thiazolyl)-3-phenyl                                                                         1           s.c.    22                                            urea                                                                           Cytoxan      12.5        s.c.    53                                                         6.25        s.c.    32                                            Imuran       10          s.c.    61                                                         5           s.c.    43                                            Cortisone    3.12        s.c.    82                                                         1.56        s.c.    48                                            ______________________________________                                    

Varying degrees of suppression of this aspect of the immune response have been detected among compounds of the present novel class. As indicated above, activity approximating or exceeding that of several currently employed immunosuppressives has been demonstrated. These observations would have relevance for therapy of autoimmune diseases of the cellular immune type and for therapy of tissue transplant rejection.

The heterocyclic ureas useful in altering the immune response according to the processes of this invention, as can be seen, differ from hitherto known immune regulants and immunosuppressants in the mechanism of their action on the mammalium host. They do not act by directly antagonizing the action of histamine as do the anti-histamine drugs. On the other hand, they do not depress bone-marrow function as do the antineoplastic drugs frequently used in connection with tissue transplants. The heterocyclic ureas more closely resemble the corticoids in their effects on the immune response, but even here there is a fundamental difference in that the corticoids deplete lymoid tissue and the heterocyclic ureas do not. Thus, it is apparent that these agents function through a mechanism which neither depletes normal lymphoid mass nor depresses bone marrow, thus avoiding the major drawbacks of the currently used immunosuppressive drugs--the corticosteroids and antineoplastic drugs.

One of the compounds of this invention has been tested for its mutagenic potential because of the fact that several useful immunosuppressants are know to have carcinogenic properties.

The in vivo and in vitro mutagenic potential of 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl-urea was negative when tested versus the twelve histidine-auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium at a level of 300 mg/kg in vivo and 750 mcg/ml in vitro. Imuran and Cytoxan, compounds with immunosuppressive activity; Streptozotacin, N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMNA) and trimethylenemelamine (TEM) known mutagens and/or carcinogens; and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) were used as control compounds.

The following organisms were employed:

    ______________________________________                                         G46    his-, missense                                                          TA1530 G46 containing gal-bio-urv B deletion                                   TA1535 G46 containing gal-bio-urv B and LPS deletion                           C207   his- (-) frameshift                                                     TA1531 C207 containing gal-bio-urv B deletion                                  TA1536 C207 containingg gal-bio-urv B and LPS deletion                         C3076  his- (+) frameshift                                                     TA1532 C3076 containing gal-bio-urv B deletion                                 TA1537 C3076 containing gal-bio-urv B and LPS deletion                         D3056  his- (+) frameshift                                                     TA1534 D3056 containing gal-bio-urv B deletion                                 TA1538 D3056 containing gal-bio-urv B and LPS deletion                         ______________________________________                                          These organisms are fully described by Ames, Bruce N.; Frank D. Lee; and       William Durston, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. 70, 782-786 (1973)          

The following media were employed:

A. Cultures were maintained in tryptone-yeast broth (1.0% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract).

B. Spizizen's minimal media with trace amounts of biotin and histidine was the base media used. Selection of histidine-and histidine+organisms was accomplished by using the following top agars.

1. histidine+: 1.5% agar with 0.5% NaCl

2. histidine-: 1.5% agar with 0.5% NaCl and excess histidine (40 mcg/ml)

Cox white Swiss male mice 25-30 grams were used in all in vivo tests.

The following test methods were followed:

1. Qualitative In Vitro Prescreen

Filter paper discs 1/4 inch were impregnated with 200 mcg of test compound using either H₂ O or DMSO as solvent. The discs were placed on Petri dishes containing minimal media which had been individually seeded with one of the 12 tester strains. The histidine-tested strains do not grow. If the test compound causes a histidine-bacterium to revert to histidine+, that bacterium is able to produce a colony. A uniform circle of colonies appear around the pad when a compound with mutagenic potential is present. The test compound forms a concentration gradient as it diffuses from the pad. Occasionally, there is a clear ring in close proximity to the pad surrounded by a uniform circle of revertant colonies which indicates a lethal mutation at high concentration of compound and nonlethal mutation at lesser concentration. A single pad thus allows one to test a compound over a wide range of concentrations. Histidine + colonies were developed enough to read after 48 hr. incubation at 37° C. The plates were read as follows:

A. Background zone, if present, is measured in millimeters; if not, a negative is recorded (-).

B. Mutant zone is measured in millimeters, if present; if not, a negative (-) is recorded.

C. The mutation frequency can be estimated from density of mutant colonies as follows:

1. Low frequency -- few colonies

2. Moderate frequency -- many colonies

3. High frequency -- dense ring of colonies

4. No colonies recorded (-)

II. Quantitative In Vitro Testing

Compounds found active in the qualitative test were further tested. The culture to be tested was grown to stationary phase in tryptone yeast broth and then diluted to a viable count of about 9 × 10₇ organisms per milliliter.

Eleven log₄ dilutions of the test compound were made covering a range that would allow survival of non-lethal mutants. The dilutions were made in Spizizen's minimal media with minute amounts of histidine and biotin (20 nM) each in 18 × 120 ml. tubes. Each tube contained 3 ml. after dilution. Replicate 1 ml. aliquots of test organism were added to each tube including six "0" drug tubes. Final drug concentrations were calculated from 4-ml. volumes (3 ml. drug dilution + 1 ml. test organism). Two of the "0" drug tubes were immediately plated at 10° dilution in minimal medium and 10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁷ dilutions in medium containing excess histidine (40 mcg/ml.) Spontaneous revertants (histidine +) were detected in the 10° dilution. Mutable population (histidine-) were detected in the 10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁶, and 10⁻⁷ dilutions. All remaining dilutions were incubated in a Dubonoff shaker at 37° C for 4 hr., then iced at 4° C. A 1-ml. aliquot from all incubated tubes was plated at 10° dilution on minimal media to determine if the compound induced revertants (histidine +). A 1-ml. aliquot from each "0" control was also plated at 10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁷, and 10⁻⁸ dilutions in media with excess histidine to detect growth of mutable population (histidine-); normally there are 3-4 generations of the mutable population. All minimal media plates were counted. A dose response increase in revertants above spontaneous background indicated mutagenic potential of a test compound. If gross inhibition was noted in any treated tube, platings were made to determine lethality to the mutable population (histidine-). Lethality has occurred to both populations, histidine + and histidine-, at the same compound levels in all drugs tested to date.

III. Host Mediated Assay (In Vivo)

A. Drug Administration: Appropriate solvents were used where applicable with a solvent control run within each test. The compounds to be tested were given either subcutaneously along the backbone of the mouse (0.1 ml.) or by oral gavage (0.5 ml.)

B. Inoculation Technique: The histidine-cultures G46, C209, C3076, and D3056 used as the TA15 series have lost pathogenicity to mice because of absence or decrease in the lipopolysaccharide coat. The organisms were grown to stationary phase, then diluted with normal saline to give an inoculum near 1 × 10⁸ organisms per milliliter. The abdominal area of the drug-treated mouse was swabbed with alcohol and 2 milliliters of bacterial culture were injected into the abdominal cavity of the mouse. The mice were returned to their cages for 3-4 hours.

C. Autopsy and Recovery: The mice were sacrificed individually by cervical dislocation prior to each autopsy. The abdominal areas were soaked with ethanol. The peritoneum was bared and 2.5 ml. of sterile normal saline was injected into the peritoneal cavity using a sterile 3-ml. plastic syringe with a 20-gauge needle. After insertion, the needle is turned bevel up and the saline was expelled into the cavity; while the needle remains through the peritoneum, keeping the point of the needle in sight pressed against the peritoneal wall, the abdomen of the mouse was massaged to mix contents. The saline wash was removed from the abdominal cavity back into the syringe. The needle was removed and the contents expelled into an appropriately marked tube and iced 4° C.

D. Dilution and Plating: One-ml. samples were plated at 10° dilution on all mice to determine revertants (histidine+).

A 1-milliliter sample from the untreated dilutions from control animals is plated 10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁷, and 10⁻⁸ dilutions with excess histidine to determine mutable population (histidine-). ##EQU1##

F. Organism Control

Contamination: There is a chance that the mouse gut can be nicked during manipulations. When this happens, colonies will appear on the minimal plates which could be misinterpreted and a drug called falsely, a mutagen. A suspect culture is plated on MacConkey's agar, if coliform colonies are present, the culture is discarded; if there is no growth, the culture is also discarded.

G. Mutagen Control

The histidine-auxotrophs do have a definite mutagenic spectrum and the input and output are checked for compliance. A host-mediated assay is described by Legator, M. S. and Malling, H. V.: The Host Mediated Assay. A Practical Procedure for Evaluating Chemical Mutagens. (Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for Their Detection Hollaender, A., ed. Plenum Press, 2; 569-589, (1971), New York.)

Results: No activity was noted by any of the compounds in the C3076 frameshift system; therefore, Table 22 contains a summary of in vitro and in vivo data using the G46 missense histidine-auxotroph as the indicator organism. The results are recorded as mutants test/mutants control.

Cytoxan was toxic to the animals at high levels. DMNA is a compound requiring host-mediation to demonstrate mutagenic potential. 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenylurea appears to be non-mutagenic when tested for point mutations using histidine-auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium as indicators.

                                      TABLE 22                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                      IN VITRO                                      IN VIVO                          Qualitative                                                                             Quantitive                                                            Activ-                                        (Mg/Kg)  300 30  3   .3  .03 0   ity Freq.                                                                               MT/MC                                                                               Mcg/Ml                          __________________________________________________________________________     Streptozotocin                                                                          ND  444.sup.4                                                                          2782                                                                               278 3.35                                                                               1.0 P   High 6750 .11                             DMNA.sup.1                                                                              620 43.6                                                                               1.16                                                                               ND  ND  1.0 N   --   .33  750                             TEM      13  27  13  3.2 ND  1.0 P   Medium                                                                              24   180                             ASA.sup.2                                                                               1.06                                                                               1.11                                                                               ND  ND  ND  1.0 N   --   .58  750                             IMURAN.sup.3                                                                            5.93                                                                               1.96                                                                               1.03                                                                               ND  ND  1.0 N   --   ND   ND                              CYTOXAN  Toxic                                                                              1.30                                                                               1.16                                                                               ND  ND  1.0 N   --   ND   ND                              53616    1.2 .95 .95 1.25                                                                               ND  1.0 N   --   .90  750                             __________________________________________________________________________      ND = Not Done                                                                  P = Positive                                                                   N = Negative                                                                   .sup.1 Requires host mediation                                                 .sup.2 Oral gavage, all other compounds given S.C.                             .sup.3 Imuran shows possible mutagenic potential in the host-mediated          system at high levels.                                                         .sup.4 An MT/MC of 3 would indicate mutagenic potential.                 

1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea as previously stated was able to prolong the life of female NZBxW mice, females, of which strain of mice customarily developed a fatal autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Because of the consequent increase in life span of the treated mice, there is also a small increase in the incidence of neoplasms observed in the treated animals--12.5 percent against a 4 percent increase in a control group. By contrast, there is a marked augmentation in the incidence of neoplasms in groups of female NZBxW mice receiving therapeutically effective levels of the autoimmune agents--azathioprine and cyclophosphamide. Casey, writing in New Zealand Medical Journal, 74,290 (1973) reported a 58 percent increase in neoplasms in azathioprine-treated mice (0 percent incidence in the control series). Walker and Bole reported in J. Lab. Clin. Med., 82,619 (1972) a 100 percent incidence of neoplasms in their series of cyclophsphamide-treated mice compared with 5 percent incidence in the control series. It is apparent that the mechanism of action of the immune regulants of this invention does not parallel their carcinogenic potential as it does in the known anti-neoplastic agents presently used as immune suppressants. 

We claim:
 1. The method for regulating the immune response which comprises administering to a mammal suffering from an immune reaction a dose of from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg of mammalian body weight of N-2-(6-methoxy)-benzothiazolyl-N'-phenyl urea. 